Filip Novotny Thaum Google tau tshaj tawm cov kev khiav hauj lwm tshiab Chrome OS plaub xyoos dhau los, nws muab ib qho tshiab, tus nqi qis dua rau Windows lossis OS X. "Chromebooks yuav yog cov khoom siv uas koj tuaj yeem muab rau koj cov neeg ua haujlwm, koj tuaj yeem pib lawv hauv ob vib nas this thiab lawv. yuav pheej yig heev," said tus thawj coj ntawm lub sijhawm los ntawm Eric Schmidt. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ob peb xyoos, Google nws tus kheej tsis kam lees cov lus no thaum nws tso tawm cov khoom kim heev thiab kim Chromebook Pixel laptop. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws tau lees paub qhov tsis tuaj yeem nyeem tau ntawm lub platform tshiab hauv qhov muag ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
Ib qho kev nkag siab zoo sib xws tau dhau los ntev ntev hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob ntawm Jablíčkář, uas yog vim li cas peb thiaj li txiav txim siab sim ob lub cuab yeej los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov spectrum: pheej yig thiab portable HP Chromebook 11 thiab high-end Google Chromebook Pixel.
Lub tswvyim
Yog tias peb xav nkag siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm Chrome OS platform, peb tuaj yeem ua piv txwv piv rau qhov kev txhim kho tsis ntev los no ntawm Apple laptops. Nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm Mac chaw tsim tshuaj paus uas nyob rau hauv 2008 txiav txim siab mus deb ntawm yav dhau los thiab tso tawm lub revolutionary MacBook Cua nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Los ntawm cov kev cai ib txwm pom ntawm lub laptops, cov khoom no tau raug txiav tawm - nws tsis muaj lub DVD tsav, feem ntau ntawm cov qauv chaw nres nkoj lossis qhov chaw cia loj txaus, yog li thawj qhov kev cuam tshuam rau MacBook Cua yog qee qhov tsis ntseeg.
Ntxiv rau qhov kev hloov pauv tau hais tseg, cov neeg tshuaj xyuas tau taw qhia, piv txwv li, qhov ua tsis tau yooj yim hloov lub roj teeb yam tsis muaj kev sib dhos. Nyob rau hauv ib lub hlis, txawm li cas los xij, nws tau pom tseeb tias Apple tau raug txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv yav tom ntej hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov khoos phis tawj nqa tau yooj yim, thiab cov kev tsim kho tshiab tsim los ntawm MacBook Cua kuj tau cuam tshuam rau lwm yam khoom, xws li MacBook Pro nrog Retina zaub. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv kuj tau tshwm sim lawv tus kheej hauv kev sib tw PC tuam txhab, uas tau tsiv los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom pheej yig thiab tsis zoo netbooks mus rau ntau luxurious ultrabooks.
Ib yam li Apple pom cov xov xwm kho qhov muag yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, nws cov neeg sib tw Californian Google kuj pom tau tias qhov pib tshwm sim ntawm huab huab. Nws pom lub peev xwm hauv nws qhov chaw dav dav ntawm cov kev pabcuam hauv internet thiab coj mus rau hauv online ib kauj ruam ntxiv. Ntxiv nrog rau DVDs thiab Blu-duab tshav, nws kuj tsis lees paub lub cev ruaj khov hauv lub computer, thiab Chromebook yog ntau lub cuab yeej los txuas rau lub ntiaj teb ntawm Google dua li lub khoos phis tawj muaj zog.
Thawj kauj ruam
Txawm hais tias Chromebooks yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cuab yeej hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov haujlwm, lawv tsis tshua muaj qhov txawv ntawm qhov seem ntawm qhov ntau thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tuaj yeem raug cais ntawm Windows (lossis Linux) netbooks nrog lub siab ntshiab, thiab hauv cov chav kawm siab dua, ntawm ultrabooks. Nws txoj kev tsim kho yuav luag zoo ib yam, nws yog hom classic ntawm lub laptop yam tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv sib xws xws li cov khoom siv tau los yog hloov pauv.
OS X cov neeg siv kuj tuaj yeem hnov me ntsis hauv tsev. Chromebooks tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv xws li cov khoom sib nqus flip-down, cov keyboard nrog cov yuam sij cais thiab cov kab ua haujlwm nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm nws, ib qho loj multi-kov trackpad lossis glossy display nto. Piv txwv li, Samsung Series 3 yog qhov txawv ntawm MacBook Cua tshoov siab Txawm nyob hauv kev tsim, yog li tsis muaj dab tsi tiv thaiv koj los ntawm kev saib ze dua ntawm Chromebooks.
Thawj qhov uas ua rau koj xav tsis thoob thaum koj xub qhib cov zaub yog qhov ceev uas Chromebooks tuaj yeem pib lub kaw lus. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tuaj yeem ua tsis pub dhau tsib vib nas this, uas cov neeg sib tw Windows thiab OS X tsis tuaj yeem sib tw. Sawv los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog yog ces nyob rau theem ntawm Macbooks, ua tsaug rau siv flash (~SSD) cia.
Twb tau tus ID nkag mus screen qhia txog cov cim tshwj xeeb ntawm Chrome OS. Cov neeg siv nyiaj ntawm no tau txuas nrog Google cov kev pabcuam, thiab nkag mus yog ua tiav siv Gmail e-mail chaw nyob. Qhov no enables tag nrho cov computer nqis, cov ntaub ntawv kev ruaj ntseg thiab khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias tus neeg siv nkag mus rau thawj zaug ntawm ib qho Chromebook, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog tau rub tawm los ntawm Is Taws Nem. Lub khoos phis tawj nrog Chrome OS yog li lub cuab yeej nqa tau zoo kawg nkaus uas tuaj yeem hloov kho sai sai los ntawm leej twg.
Tus neeg siv interface
Chrome OS tau dhau los ntev txij li nws thawj version thiab tsis yog lub qhov rais browser ntxiv lawm. Tom qab nkag mus rau hauv koj tus lej Google, tam sim no koj yuav pom koj tus kheej ntawm lub desktop classic uas peb paub los ntawm lwm lub khoos phis tawj. Hauv qab sab laug, peb pom cov ntawv qhia zaub mov tseem ceeb, thiab sab xis ntawm nws, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov ntawv thov nrov, ua ke nrog cov uas tam sim no khiav. Lub ces kaum sab nraud yog nyob rau ntau qhov ntsuas, xws li lub sijhawm, ntim, keyboard layout, profile ntawm tus neeg siv tam sim no, xov tooj ntawm cov ntawv ceeb toom thiab lwm yam.
Los ntawm lub neej ntawd, cov ntawv qhia zaub mov ntawm cov ntawv thov nrov yog cov npe ntawm cov kev pabcuam hauv online tshaj plaws ntawm Google. Cov no suav nrog, ntxiv rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub kaw lus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Chrome browser, Gmail email tus thov kev pab, Google Drive cia thiab trio ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv lub npe Google Docs. Txawm hais tias nws yuav zoo li muaj cov ntawv thov desktop cais hauv qab txhua lub cim, qhov no tsis yog qhov teeb meem. Nyem rau ntawm lawv yuav qhib lub qhov rai tshiab browser nrog qhov chaw nyob ntawm qhov kev pabcuam muab. Nws yog lub hauv paus proxy rau daim ntawv thov web.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis txhais hais tias lawv siv yuav tsis yooj yim. Tshwj xeeb, Google Docs cov ntawv thov chaw ua haujlwm yog ib qho cuab yeej zoo heev, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv cais version rau Chrome OS yuav tsis muaj kev nkag siab. Tom qab ntau xyoo ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, cov ntawv nyeem, daim ntawv nthuav qhia thiab kev nthuav qhia cov neeg kho los ntawm Google yog nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm kev sib tw, thiab Microsoft thiab Apple muaj ntau yam los tuav txog qhov no.
Tsis tas li ntawd, lub zog ntawm cov kev pabcuam siv feem ntau xws li Google Docs lossis Drive tau ua tiav zoo los ntawm browser nws tus kheej, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua txhaum. Peb tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv nws tag nrho cov haujlwm uas peb tuaj yeem paub los ntawm nws lwm cov qauv, thiab tej zaum tsis tas yuav hais txog lawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, Google tau siv nws txoj kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm thiab suav nrog lwm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Chrome. Ib qho zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov muaj peev xwm hloov ntawm qhov rais los ntawm kev txav peb ntiv tes ntawm lub trackpad, zoo ib yam li koj hloov desktops hauv OS X. Kuj tseem muaj qhov scrolling du nrog inertia, thiab lub peev xwm zoom hauv cov qauv ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau yav tom ntej hloov tshiab.
Cov yam ntxwv no ua rau siv lub vev xaib zoo siab heev thiab nws tsis yooj yim los nrhiav koj tus kheej nrog lub kaum os qhov rais qhib tom qab ob peb feeb. Ntxiv rau qhov kev txaus siab ntawm qhov tshiab, tsis paub ib puag ncig, thiab Chrome OS tuaj yeem zoo li qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws.
txawm li cas los xij, nws maj mam los ntawm nws lub siab thiab peb pib pom ntau yam teeb meem thiab qhov tsis txaus. Txawm hais tias koj tab tom siv koj lub khoos phis tawj ua tus kws tshaj lij lossis cov neeg siv khoom zoo tshaj plaws, nws tsis yooj yim kom tau los ntawm tsuas yog browser thiab ib qho puv tes ntawm cov ntawv thov ua ntej. Tsis ntev los sis tom qab koj yuav tau qhib thiab kho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntau hom, tswj lawv hauv folders, luam tawm thiab lwm yam. Thiab qhov no yog tej zaum qhov tsis muaj zog tshaj ntawm Chrome OS.
Nws tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog kev ua haujlwm nrog cov kab txawv txawv los ntawm cov ntawv thov tswv, qhov teeb meem tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tias peb tau txais, piv txwv li, ib qho archive ntawm RAR, 7-Zip hom lossis txawm tias tsuas yog ZIP encrypted los ntawm e-mail. Chrome OS tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog lawv thiab koj yuav tsum tau siv cov kev pabcuam online tshwj xeeb. Tau kawg, cov no yuav tsis yog cov neeg siv-phooj ywg, lawv yuav muaj cov nqi tshaj tawm lossis cov nqi zais, thiab peb tsis tuaj yeem hnov qab qhov xav tau xa cov ntaub ntawv mus rau lub vev xaib kev pabcuam thiab tom qab ntawd rub tawm lawv dua.
Ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo sib xws yuav tsum tau nrhiav rau lwm yam kev ua, xws li kho cov duab nraaj thiab cov duab. Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau lub vev xaib lwm txoj hauv kev hauv online editors. Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm lawv thiab rau cov hauj lwm yooj yim lawv tuaj yeem txaus rau kev hloov kho me me, tab sis peb yuav tsum hais lus zoo rau txhua qhov kev koom ua ke rau hauv qhov system.
Cov kev tsis txaus no tau daws qee qhov los ntawm Google Play khw, qhov twg hnub no peb tuaj yeem pom ntau daim ntawv thov uas ua haujlwm dawb huv offline. Piv txwv li, ntawm lawv yog cov ua tau zoo heev duab a ntawv nyeem cov kws kho, cov neeg nyeem xov xwm los yog cov npe ua haujlwm. Hmoov tsis zoo, ib qho kev pabcuam puv ntoob no yuav muaj ntau ntau qhov kev nkag siab tsis tseeb - cov ntawv txuas uas, sib nrug los ntawm lub cim hauv lub tshuab xa tawm, tsis muaj lwm txoj haujlwm ntxiv thiab yuav tsis ua haujlwm txhua yam tsis muaj kev sib txuas hauv Is Taws Nem.
Ib qho haujlwm ntawm Chromebook yog li txhais tau los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb triple schism - nquag hloov ntawm Google cov ntawv thov, qhov kev thov los ntawm Google Play thiab cov kev pabcuam online. Tau kawg, qhov no tsis yog txhua tus neeg siv-phooj ywg los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau nquag tsiv thiab hloov pauv mus rau cov kev pabcuam sib txawv. Yog tias koj tseem siv lwm qhov chaw cia xws li Box, Huab lossis Dropbox, nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv zoo yuav tsis yooj yim kiag li.
Chrome OS nws tus kheej ua rau qhov teeb meem nyuaj dua los ntawm kev sib cais Google Drive los ntawm kev cia hauv zos, uas qhia meej tias tsis tsim nyog rau daim ntawv thov tag nrho. Cov ntaub ntawv saib tsis muaj txawm tias ib feem ntawm cov haujlwm uas peb tau siv los ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas cov ntaub ntawv classic, thiab tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej nws tuaj yeem sib npaug rau lub vev xaib raws li Google Drive. Qhov kev nplij siab tsuas yog tias cov neeg siv Chromebook tshiab tau txais 100GB ntawm qhov chaw online dawb rau ob xyoos.
Vim li cas Chrome?
Qhov ntau txaus ntawm daim ntawv thov kev ua tiav thiab kev tswj cov ntaub ntawv meej yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo yuav tsum muaj hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peb nyuam qhuav kawm tias Chrome OS yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau thiab tsis meej pem, nws puas tuaj yeem siv nws lub ntsiab lus thiab pom zoo rau lwm tus?
Yeej tsis yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem rau txhua tus neeg. Tab sis rau qee yam ntawm cov neeg siv, Chromebook tuaj yeem yog qhov tsim nyog, txawm tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws, kev daws teeb meem. Nov yog peb qhov kev siv:
Undemanding neeg siv internet
Thaum pib ntawm cov ntawv no, peb tau hais tias Chromebooks zoo ib yam li pheej yig netbooks ntau txoj hauv kev. Hom laptop no yeej ib txwm tsom rau qhov tsawg kawg xav tau cov neeg siv uas nyiam tshaj plaws txog tus nqi thiab kev txav mus los. Hauv qhov kev hwm no, netbooks tsis yog qhov phem heev, tab sis lawv feem ntau raug rub los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, ntau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus nqi ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev ua tau zoo, thiab qhov kawg tab sis qhov kawg, tsis yooj yim thiab xav tau ntau dhau Windows.
Chromebooks tsis qhia txog cov teeb meem no - lawv muab kev ua haujlwm kho vajtse zoo, kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav nrog lub tswv yim ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws compactness. Tsis zoo li netbooks, peb tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam nrog lub Windows qeeb, dej nyab qeeb ntawm kev teeb tsa ua ntej bloatware lossis qhov "starter" version ntawm Office.
Yog li undemanding cov neeg siv yuav pom tias Chromebook zoo kawg nkaus txaus rau lawv lub hom phiaj. Thaum nws los txog rau kev tshawb xyuas lub vev xaib, sau e-mails thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv, cov kev pabcuam hauv Google ua ntej yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws. Hauv cov nqi muab, Chromebooks tuaj yeem yog qhov kev xaiv zoo dua li phau ntawv PC classic ntawm cov chav kawm qis tshaj.
Lub koom haum sphere
Raws li peb pom thaum peb sim, qhov yooj yim ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm qhov system tsis yog qhov zoo ntawm lub platform xwb. Chrome OS muaj cov kev xaiv tshwj xeeb uas, ntxiv rau cov neeg siv xav tau tsawg tshaj plaws, yuav txaus siab rau cov neeg siv khoom lag luam thiab. Qhov no yog kev sib raug zoo nrog Google account.
Xav txog tej lub tuam txhab nruab nrab uas nws cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum sib txuas lus nrog ib leeg tas li, tsis tu ncua tsim cov ntawv ceeb toom thiab kev nthuav qhia, thiab qee zaum kuj yuav tsum tau mus ncig ntawm lawv cov neeg siv khoom. Lawv ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab muaj lub laptop ua haujlwm ua haujlwm uas lawv tsis tas yuav muaj nrog lawv txhua lub sijhawm. Lub Chromebook yog qhov zoo tagnrho hauv qhov xwm txheej no.
Koj tuaj yeem siv Gmail built-in rau kev sib txuas lus e-mail, thiab cov kev pabcuam Hangouts yuav pab nrog kev xa xov sai thiab kev sib tham hu. Ua tsaug rau Google Docs, tag nrho pab neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem koom tes ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev nthuav qhia, thiab kev sib koom yuav tshwm sim ntawm Google Drive lossis kev sib txuas lus yav dhau los. Tag nrho cov no nyob rau hauv nqe lus ntawm ib tug unified account, ua tsaug uas tag nrho cov tuam txhab tseem nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag.
Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj peev xwm ntxiv sai sai, tshem tawm thiab hloov cov neeg siv nyiaj ua rau Chromebook nqa tau yooj yim - thaum ib tus neeg xav tau lub khoos phis tawj ua haujlwm, lawv tsuas xaiv ib qho khoom tam sim no.
Kev kawm
Ib cheeb tsam thib peb uas Chromebooks tuaj yeem siv tau zoo yog kev kawm. Qhov chaw no tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau teev tseg hauv ob ntu dhau los thiab ntau ntxiv.
Chrome OS coj cov txiaj ntsig zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tsev kawm theem qis, qhov twg Windows tsis haum. Yog tias tus kws qhia ntawv nyiam lub khoos phis tawj classic dhau ntawm lub ntsiav tshuaj kov (piv txwv li, vim yog cov keyboard kho vajtse), kev ua haujlwm ntawm Google yog qhov tsim nyog vim nws qhov kev nyab xeeb thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev siv yooj yim. Qhov yuav tsum tau tso siab rau cov ntawv thov hauv web yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev kawm, vim nws tsis tsim nyog los saib xyuas "kev nyab xeeb" ntawm cov khoos phis tawj uas tsis xav tau.
Lwm yam zoo yog tus nqi qis, ceev ceev system pib thiab siab portability. Raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev lag luam, nws muaj peev xwm tawm hauv Chromebooks hauv chav kawm, qhov twg ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm yuav qhia lawv.
Lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub platform
Txawm hais tias peb tau teev ntau qhov kev sib cav vim li cas Chrome OS tuaj yeem yog qhov kev daws teeb meem tsim nyog hauv qee thaj chaw, peb tseem tsis tau pom ntau tus neeg txhawb nqa ntawm lub platform no hauv kev kawm, kev lag luam lossis cov neeg siv tib yam. Hauv Czech koom pheej, qhov xwm txheej no yog qhov laj thawj vim qhov tseeb tias Chromebooks nyuaj heev los ntawm no. Tab sis qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo nyob rau txawv teb chaws ib qho - hauv Tebchaws Meskas nws nquag nquag (piv txwv li hauv online) siv qhov siab tshaj ntawm 0,11% ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
Nws tsis yog tsuas yog qhov tsis txaus ntawm lawv tus kheej uas yuav raug liam, tab sis kuj yog txoj hauv kev coj los ntawm Google. Rau cov txheej txheem no kom nrov dua nyob rau hauv peb lub spheres los yog xav txog kev mus ncig sab nraud ntawm lawv, nws yuav xav tau kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam txhab California. Tam sim no, nws zoo li Google - zoo ib yam li ntau ntawm nws lwm txoj haujlwm - tsis tau them nyiaj txaus rau Chromebooks thiab tseem tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab nws zoo. Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, uas yog heev bland.
Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb qhia txog Chrome OS raws li "qhib rau txhua tus", tab sis qhov kev nthuav qhia lub vev xaib tsis zoo tsis ua rau nws ze dua, thiab Google tsis sim ua kom pom tseeb thiab tsom mus rau kev tshaj tawm hauv lwm cov xov xwm. Tom qab ntawd nws nyuaj rau txhua qhov no los ntawm kev tso tawm Chromebook Pixel, uas yog qhov tsis lees paub ntawm lub platform uas yuav tsum yog qhov pheej yig thiab pheej yig dua rau Windows thiab OS X.
Yog tias peb tau ua raws li qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov pib ntawm cov ntawv nyeem no, Apple thiab Google muaj ntau yam sib xws hauv cov khoos phis tawj portable. Ob lub tuam txhab sim tswj cov khoom siv kho vajtse thiab software thiab tsis ntshai kom tawg tawm ntawm cov rooj sib tham uas lawv xav tias yuav dhau los lossis maj mam tuag. Txawm li cas los xij, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb: Apple zoo ib yam li Google thiab sawv tom qab tag nrho nws cov khoom ib puas feem pua. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm Chromebooks, peb tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees seb Google puas yuav sim thawb nws mus rau qhov pom tseeb los ntawm txhua txoj kev, lossis seb nws yuav tsis tos rau ib chav nrog cov khoom tsis nco qab coj los ntawm Google Wave.
Kuv tsis nyob rau hauv lub siab mus yuav lub laptop los ntawm Google uas yuav qhia rau kuv nyob rau hauv ib lub hlis uas txhawb tau tas vim tsis muaj leej twg siv nws thiab nws yuav tsis haum rau lawv cov peev nyiaj ntxiv lawm. Google tab tom mus rau ntuj raug txim nrog tus cwj pwm no. Zoo, txawm nws yog, kuv yuav tsis nco nws.
:D oh txiv neej, nws yog "lub hom phiaj" rov xyuas dua. Kuv nkag siab tias qee tus ntawm koj yog cov kiv cua ntawm Apple kiag li, tab sis qhov no puas yog koj sau lub hom phiaj tshuaj xyuas tiag tiag? Tab sis tej zaum kuv yuav xav tau ntau los ntawm koj, puas yog?
Thiab dab tsi tsis yog lub hom phiaj? Yog li ntawd koj tsis yog ib tug ntawm cov kws txawj pseudo dua ...
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